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individual aging

  • 1 ♦ individual

    ♦ individual /ɪndɪˈvɪdʒʊəl/
    A a.
    1 individuale; caratteristico; personale; singolo: individual liberty, libertà individuale; an individual style, uno stile personale; She gives individual attention to her students, segue individualmente ogni suo studente; the powers of the individual States, i poteri dei singoli Stati (in USA)
    3 (fig.) egoistico
    B n.
    individuo: the rights of the individual, i diritti dell'individuo
    ● (demogr.) individual aging, senescenza □ ( nuoto) individual medley, individuale «quattro stili» □ (leg.) individual person, persona fisica □ (ass.) individual policy, polizza individuale □ ( sport) individual sports, sport individuali □ ( ciclismo) individual time trial, (corsa a) cronometro individuale.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ individual

  • 2 aging of accounts receivable

    * * *
    . A way to estimate bad debts by analyzing individual accounts receivable according to the length of time they have been outstanding. For example, outstanding accounts may be split into those 30 days or less outstanding, 60 days or less outstanding, etc. The analysis includes arriving at the balance for all the accounts in a group. . Small Business Taxes & Management 2 .

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > aging of accounts receivable

  • 3 cada

    adj.
    1 each.
    cada dos meses every two months
    cada cosa a su tiempo one thing at a time
    cada cual each one, everyone
    ¿cada cuánto? how often?
    cada uno de each of
    cada uno a lo suyo everyone should get on with their own business
    cada vez every time, each time
    2 such.
    ¡se pone cada sombrero! she wears such hats!
    ¡tiene cada cosa! the things he comes up with!
    3 such unlikely, such.
    * * *
    1 (de dos) each; (de varios) every
    ■ cada uno lleva su abrigo they're each wearing their coat, each of them is wearing his coat
    ■ ¡dice cada cosa! he says such strange things!
    ■ ¡le pegó cada grito! she really shouted at him!
    \
    a cada cual lo suyo (recibir) everyone should get their fair share 2 (pagar) everyone should pay their own way
    a cada paso at every step
    ¿cada cuánto? how often?
    ■ ¿cada cuánto vais al cine? how often do you go to the cinema?
    cada día every day
    cada vez más more and more, increasingly
    * * *
    adj.
    1) each
    •
    - cada vez mejor
    * * *
    ADJ INV
    1) [uso distributivo] [con elementos individuales] each; [con números, tiempo] every

    cada cual busca la felicidad como quiere — we all seek o each one of us seeks happiness in our own way

    2) [indicando frecuencia] every

    cada cierto tiempo — every so often, every now and then

    cada dos días — every couple of days, every other day

    • ¿cada cuánto tiempo? — how often?

    • cada que — Méx whenever, every time (that)

    • cada vez que — whenever, every time (that)

    cada vez que voy al extranjero — whenever o every time (that) I go abroad

    3) [indicando progresión]

    • cada vez más — more and more

    • cada vez mejor — better and better

    • cada vez menos — less and less

    • cada vez peor — worse and worse

    4) [uso enfático]

    ¡tienes cada cosa! — the things you come out with!

    ¡oye una cada historia! — the things you hear nowadays!

    ¡se compra cada coche! — you should see the cars he buys!

    CADA ► Cada se traduce por each cuando queremos individualizar, cuando se conocen o se le quiere dar importancia a los elementos dentro del grupo: A cada miembro del personal se le asignó una tarea específica Each member of staff was allocated a specific task Quiero tener una charla con cada uno de vosotros I want to have a chat with each of you ► Se traduce por every cuando el número de elementos del grupo no se conoce o no importa, cuando se está generalizando: Cada empresa funciona de una manera distinta Every company works differently Cada día me dice una cosa diferente Every day he tells me something different Cada vez que viene nos trae un regalo Every time he comes he brings us a present En expresiones como cada dos meses/cada tres años {etc}, cada se traduce por every: Se hace una revisión cada tres meses He has a check-up every three months ► Cuando hablamos solo de dos cosas o personas, cada solamente se puede traducir por each: Es importante que cada gemelo desarrolle su propia personalidad It is important that each twin develops his own personality Cuando each o every forman parte del sujeto, el verbo va en singular. Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    adjetivo invariable
    1)

    cada día — every day, each day

    cada dos días — every other day, every two days

    ¿cada cuánto viene? — how often does she come?

    cuestan $25 cada uno — they cost $25 each

    cada uno or cada cual sabe qué es lo que más le conviene — everyone o each individual knows what's best for him or her

    b) ( delante de numeral) every
    2)

    tienes cada idea...! — the things you come out with!

    * * *
    = each, every.
    Ex. Both these hosts offers around thirty-five data bases each.
    Ex. The directory is a finding list which lists for every field its tag, the number of characters in the field, and the starting character position of the field within the record.
    ----
    * a cada rato = every so often, every now and then, every now and again.
    * cada año = annually, on a yearly basis, year-on-year, yearly.
    * cada caso por separado = on a case-by-case basis.
    * cada cierto tiempo = episodic, every so often, every now and then, every now and again.
    * cada cinco minutos = every five minutes.
    * cada cual por su cuenta = every man for himself.
    * cada cuando = every so often, every now and then, every now and again, every once in a while.
    * cada cuantos + Nombre = every few + Nombre.
    * cada día = every day.
    * cada día que pasa = each passing day.
    * cada diez años = ten-yearly, decennially.
    * cada dos = every other.
    * cada dos años = biennially.
    * cada dos días = every other day.
    * cada dos minutos = every other minute.
    * cada dos por tres = all the time, now and again, often [oftener -comp., oftenest -sup.], frequently, every other minute, every five minutes, every few minutes.
    * cada dos semanas = biweekly [bi-weekly].
    * cada hora = hourly.
    * cada pocos años = every few years.
    * cada seis meses = six-monthly.
    * cada semana = weekly.
    * cada tanto = every so often, every now and then, every now and again, every once in a while.
    * cada tantos minutos = every few minutes.
    * cada tantos + Período de Tiempo = every few + Período de Tiempo.
    * cada tanto tiempo = every so often, every now and then, every now and again, every once in a while.
    * cada uno = apiece, each.
    * cada uno por separado = each one alone.
    * cada uno que se las apañe como pueda = every man for himself.
    * cada vez = at a time, each time, every time [everytime].
    * cada vez en mayor grado = ever-increasing.
    * cada vez más = ever-growing, ever-increasing, increasingly, more and more, progressively, ever more, mushrooming, ever greater, in increasing numbers, increasing.
    * cada vez más abultado = swelling.
    * cada vez más acelerado = accelerated.
    * cada vez más + Adjetivo = ever + Adjetivo Comparativo.
    * cada vez más alto = constantly rising, steadily rising, steadily growing.
    * cada vez más amplio = ever-widening.
    * cada vez más avanzado = fast-moving.
    * cada vez más desarrollado = fast-developing.
    * cada vez más estricto = tightening.
    * cada vez más extendido = spreading.
    * cada vez más fácil = ever easier.
    * cada vez más lejos = further and further.
    * cada vez más + Participio = ever + Gerundio.
    * cada vez más pruebas = accumulating evidence.
    * cada vez más rápido = ever faster, accelerated.
    * cada vez más restringido = tightening.
    * cada vez más tenue = fading.
    * cada vez más viejo = aging [ageing].
    * cada vez mayor = escalating, ever-growing, ever-increasing, expanded, growing, increasing, mounting, rising, spiralling [spiraling, -USA], deepening, rapidly growing, expanding, constantly rising, swelling, ever larger [ever-larger], galloping, steadily rising, steadily growing, mushrooming, ever greater, rapidly expanding, ever-widening, burgeoning, heightening.
    * cada vez mejor = from strength to strength.
    * cada vez menor = decreasing, dwindling, diminishing, thinning, fading, waning, declining, falling, shrinking, receding, sinking, ebbing, descending.
    * cada vez menos = less and less.
    * cada vez mucho mayor = fast-increasing, exploding.
    * cada vez peor = worsening.
    * con una pierna a cada lado de = astride.
    * de cada + Número + veces + Número = Número + times out of + Número.
    * demanda cada vez menor = falling demand.
    * desajuste cada vez mayor entre... y = widening of the gap beween.... and, widening gap between... and.
    * desajuste cada vez menor entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * diferencia cada vez mayor entre... y = widening of the gap beween.... and, widening gap between... and.
    * diferencia cada vez menor entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * disfrutar cada minuto de = enjoy + every minute of.
    * distanciamiento cada vez mayor entre... y = widening gap between... and, widening of the gap beween.... and.
    * el pan nuestro de cada día = all in a day's work.
    * ganarse el pan de cada día = get + Posesivo + bread, earn + Posesivo + bread, earn + Posesivo + bread and butter.
    * importancia cada vez mayor = growing importance, growing significance.
    * ir cada vez mejor = grow from + strength to strength, go + great guns.
    * población cada vez más envejecida = greying population [graying population].
    * preocupación cada vez mayor (por) = growing concern (about).
    * problema cada vez mayor = growing problem.
    * problemas cada vez mayores = mounting problems.
    * pruebas cada vez más concluyentes = mounting evidence.
    * qué es cada cosa = what is what.
    * separación cada vez mayor entre... y = widening gap between... and.
    * todos y cada uno = in full force, each and everyone.
    * todos y cada uno de = any and every, any and all.
    * todos y cada uno de + Adjetivo + Nombre = Pronombre + every + Nombre.
    * una necesidad cada vez mayor = a growing need.
    * una vez cada dos semanas = once a fortnight.
    * una vez cada quincena = once a fortnight.
    * un número cada vez mayor = growing numbers.
    * un número cada vez mayor de = a growing number of.
    * uno de cada cinco = one in five.
    * uno de cada cuatro = one in four.
    * uno de cada diez = one in ten.
    * uno de cada ocho = one in eight.
    * uno de cada tres = one in three.
    * * *
    adjetivo invariable
    1)

    cada día — every day, each day

    cada dos días — every other day, every two days

    ¿cada cuánto viene? — how often does she come?

    cuestan $25 cada uno — they cost $25 each

    cada uno or cada cual sabe qué es lo que más le conviene — everyone o each individual knows what's best for him or her

    b) ( delante de numeral) every
    2)

    tienes cada idea...! — the things you come out with!

    * * *
    = each, every.

    Ex: Both these hosts offers around thirty-five data bases each.

    Ex: The directory is a finding list which lists for every field its tag, the number of characters in the field, and the starting character position of the field within the record.
    * a cada rato = every so often, every now and then, every now and again.
    * cada año = annually, on a yearly basis, year-on-year, yearly.
    * cada caso por separado = on a case-by-case basis.
    * cada cierto tiempo = episodic, every so often, every now and then, every now and again.
    * cada cinco minutos = every five minutes.
    * cada cual por su cuenta = every man for himself.
    * cada cuando = every so often, every now and then, every now and again, every once in a while.
    * cada cuantos + Nombre = every few + Nombre.
    * cada día = every day.
    * cada día que pasa = each passing day.
    * cada diez años = ten-yearly, decennially.
    * cada dos = every other.
    * cada dos años = biennially.
    * cada dos días = every other day.
    * cada dos minutos = every other minute.
    * cada dos por tres = all the time, now and again, often [oftener -comp., oftenest -sup.], frequently, every other minute, every five minutes, every few minutes.
    * cada dos semanas = biweekly [bi-weekly].
    * cada hora = hourly.
    * cada pocos años = every few years.
    * cada seis meses = six-monthly.
    * cada semana = weekly.
    * cada tanto = every so often, every now and then, every now and again, every once in a while.
    * cada tantos minutos = every few minutes.
    * cada tantos + Período de Tiempo = every few + Período de Tiempo.
    * cada tanto tiempo = every so often, every now and then, every now and again, every once in a while.
    * cada uno = apiece, each.
    * cada uno por separado = each one alone.
    * cada uno que se las apañe como pueda = every man for himself.
    * cada vez = at a time, each time, every time [everytime].
    * cada vez en mayor grado = ever-increasing.
    * cada vez más = ever-growing, ever-increasing, increasingly, more and more, progressively, ever more, mushrooming, ever greater, in increasing numbers, increasing.
    * cada vez más abultado = swelling.
    * cada vez más acelerado = accelerated.
    * cada vez más + Adjetivo = ever + Adjetivo Comparativo.
    * cada vez más alto = constantly rising, steadily rising, steadily growing.
    * cada vez más amplio = ever-widening.
    * cada vez más avanzado = fast-moving.
    * cada vez más desarrollado = fast-developing.
    * cada vez más estricto = tightening.
    * cada vez más extendido = spreading.
    * cada vez más fácil = ever easier.
    * cada vez más lejos = further and further.
    * cada vez más + Participio = ever + Gerundio.
    * cada vez más pruebas = accumulating evidence.
    * cada vez más rápido = ever faster, accelerated.
    * cada vez más restringido = tightening.
    * cada vez más tenue = fading.
    * cada vez más viejo = aging [ageing].
    * cada vez mayor = escalating, ever-growing, ever-increasing, expanded, growing, increasing, mounting, rising, spiralling [spiraling, -USA], deepening, rapidly growing, expanding, constantly rising, swelling, ever larger [ever-larger], galloping, steadily rising, steadily growing, mushrooming, ever greater, rapidly expanding, ever-widening, burgeoning, heightening.
    * cada vez mejor = from strength to strength.
    * cada vez menor = decreasing, dwindling, diminishing, thinning, fading, waning, declining, falling, shrinking, receding, sinking, ebbing, descending.
    * cada vez menos = less and less.
    * cada vez mucho mayor = fast-increasing, exploding.
    * cada vez peor = worsening.
    * con una pierna a cada lado de = astride.
    * de cada + Número + veces + Número = Número + times out of + Número.
    * demanda cada vez menor = falling demand.
    * desajuste cada vez mayor entre... y = widening of the gap beween.... and, widening gap between... and.
    * desajuste cada vez menor entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * diferencia cada vez mayor entre... y = widening of the gap beween.... and, widening gap between... and.
    * diferencia cada vez menor entre... y = narrowing gap between... and, narrowing of the gap between... and.
    * disfrutar cada minuto de = enjoy + every minute of.
    * distanciamiento cada vez mayor entre... y = widening gap between... and, widening of the gap beween.... and.
    * el pan nuestro de cada día = all in a day's work.
    * ganarse el pan de cada día = get + Posesivo + bread, earn + Posesivo + bread, earn + Posesivo + bread and butter.
    * importancia cada vez mayor = growing importance, growing significance.
    * ir cada vez mejor = grow from + strength to strength, go + great guns.
    * población cada vez más envejecida = greying population [graying population].
    * preocupación cada vez mayor (por) = growing concern (about).
    * problema cada vez mayor = growing problem.
    * problemas cada vez mayores = mounting problems.
    * pruebas cada vez más concluyentes = mounting evidence.
    * qué es cada cosa = what is what.
    * separación cada vez mayor entre... y = widening gap between... and.
    * todos y cada uno = in full force, each and everyone.
    * todos y cada uno de = any and every, any and all.
    * todos y cada uno de + Adjetivo + Nombre = Pronombre + every + Nombre.
    * una necesidad cada vez mayor = a growing need.
    * una vez cada dos semanas = once a fortnight.
    * una vez cada quincena = once a fortnight.
    * un número cada vez mayor = growing numbers.
    * un número cada vez mayor de = a growing number of.
    * uno de cada cinco = one in five.
    * uno de cada cuatro = one in four.
    * uno de cada diez = one in ten.
    * uno de cada ocho = one in eight.
    * uno de cada tres = one in three.

    * * *
    A
    los ganadores de cada grupo pasan a la final the winners from each group go on to the final
    hay un bar en cada esquina there's a bar on every corner
    cada vez que viene me da un disgusto every time he comes he upsets me
    les puso un sello a cada uno he put a stamp on each one
    hay cinco para cada uno there are five each
    volvimos a casa cada uno por su lado we each made our own way home
    cuestan $25 cada uno they cost $25 each
    cada uno or cada cual sabe qué es lo que más le conviene everyone o each individual knows what's best for him or her
    parábamos cada cuatro kilómetros we stopped every four kilometers
    siete de cada diez seven out of (every) ten
    B
    1
    (indicando progresión): íbamos cada vez más rápido we were going faster and faster
    la gente va cada vez menos a ese tipo de club people are going less and less to that kind of club
    hace cada día más calor it's getting hotter every day o by the day
    2 ( fam)
    (con valor ponderativo): ¡tú tienes cada idea …! the things you think of!
    le ha regalado cada cosa más preciosa … he's given her such lovely things
    * * *

     

    cada adjetivo invariable
    1

    ( con énfasis en la totalidad del conjunto) every;

    hay un bar en cada esquina ther's a bar in every corner;
    cada día every day, each day;
    ¿cada cuánto viene? how often does she come?;
    hay cinco para cada uno there are five each;
    cuestan $25 cada uno they cost $25 each;
    cada uno or cual sabe qué es lo que más le conviene everyone o each individual knows what's best for him or her;
    cada vez que viene every time o whenever he comes


    siete de cada diez seven out of (every) ten
    2 ( indicando progresión):

    lo hace cada vez mejor she's getting better all the time;
    cada vez más gente more and more people;
    cada vez menos tiempo less and less time
    cada adjetivo
    1 (distribución) (entre dos) each
    (entre más) each, every
    seis de cada diez, six out of (every) ten
    2 (frecuencia) cada día, every day
    cada dos días, every second day o every other day
    ¿cada cuánto vas al cine?, how often do you go the cinema?
    3 fam (intensificador) ¡tu hija hace cada pregunta!, your daughter asks such awkward questions!
    4 (todas las personas) cada uno hace lo que quiere, everyone does as they like
    (en una serie) cada uno de ellos dará una conferencia, each of them will give us a lecture
    ♦ Locuciones: a cada instante/paso, constantly
    a cada uno/a cada cual lo suyo, fair shares for all
    (para ser justo) es una mujer pesadísima pero muy servicial, a cada uno lo suyo, to be fair, she's a pain in the neck but she's awfully helpful
    (a cada uno lo que le pertenece) es una reivindicación justa, sólo pretende dar a cada uno lo suyo, it's a fair claim which only aims to give everyone their fair share
    cada dos por tres, every other minute
    cada vez, every time: cada vez que viene nos acabamos enfadando, everytime he comes we end up getting angry
    cada vez veo peor, my sights getting worse and worse
    cada vez más, more and more
    cada vez menos, less and less
    La diferencia entre each y every es muy pequeña. Every se refiere a un grupo y each a los individuos en el grupo: Cada trabajador debe empezar a las ocho. Every worker should begin at eight. Hablaré con cada trabajador durante la semana. I will speak to each worker during the weak. Como ves, el uso depende únicamente de cómo quieres considerar a los trabajadores: como individuos o como un grupo.
    ' cada' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - cañería
    - curso
    - dos
    - instante
    - más
    - menos
    - ocurrencia
    - pasar
    - paso
    - patada
    - quisque
    - quisqui
    - rato
    - repetirse
    - salir
    - siempre
    - solicitada
    - solicitado
    - tema
    - toda
    - todo
    - una
    - uno
    - verso
    - vez
    - viñeta
    - a
    - bimestral
    - correspondiente
    - cosa
    - cual
    - cuando
    - día
    - el
    - intercalar
    - lado
    - mejor
    - nervioso
    - peor
    - poner
    - semestre
    - sendos
    - tanda
    - tiempo
    - valer
    English:
    A
    - and
    - annoy
    - apiece
    - bash out
    - begrudge
    - better
    - bread
    - busy signal
    - butt in
    - carbon copy
    - checkup
    - commute
    - Dick and Harry
    - each
    - either
    - every
    - everyplace
    - exercise
    - expect
    - for
    - fortnightly
    - growing
    - half-hourly
    - head
    - hourly
    - how
    - in
    - increasingly
    - interval
    - less
    - magazine
    - match
    - measure out
    - meet
    - milk
    - misspell
    - mist
    - more
    - nightly
    - nine
    - other
    - out of
    - outflow
    - particular
    - percentage
    - sea
    - second
    - time
    - Tom
    * * *
    cada adj inv
    1. [indicando correspondencia] each;
    nos tocan 1.000 pesos a cada (uno) it comes to 1,000 pesos each o apiece;
    cada cosa a su tiempo one thing at a time;
    cada cual each one, everyone;
    cada cual que haga lo que le parezca everyone do as they see fit;
    cada uno de each of;
    cada uno o [m5] cual a lo suyo everyone should get on with their own business;
    cada uno es cada uno, cada uno es como es everyone's different;
    cada vez every time, each time;
    cada vez que viene, me pide algo prestado every time o each time o whenever he comes, he asks to borrow something
    2. [con números, tiempo] every;
    cada tres segundos nace un niño a child is born every three seconds;
    tres de cada diez personas three out of every ten people;
    cinco televisores por cada cien habitantes five televisions per hundred inhabitants;
    cada dos meses every two months;
    cada cierto tiempo every so often;
    ¿cada cuánto? how often?;
    a cada momento o Am [m5] rato all the time, constantly;
    a cada momento o Am [m5]rato me preguntan algo, así no puedo trabajar people are constantly asking me things, so I can't get any work done
    3. [valor progresivo]
    me gusta cada vez más I like it more and more;
    sus discursos son cada vez más largos his speeches get longer and longer;
    el tema me interesa cada vez menos I'm getting less and less interested in the subject;
    esta revista es cada vez peor this magazine gets worse and worse;
    cada día más more and more each day
    4. [valor enfático] such;
    ¡se pone cada sombrero! she wears such hats!;
    ¡tiene cada cosa! the things he comes up with!;
    ¡mis vecinos arman cada escándalo! my neighbours are always kicking up a fuss o row about something!
    * * *
    adj
    cada cosa en su sitio everything in its place;
    cada uno, cada cual each one;
    cada vez every time, each time;
    cada tres días every three days;
    uno de cada tres one out of every three;
    uno de cada one of each
    2
    :
    cada vez más more and more, increasingly
    * * *
    cada adj
    1) : each
    cuestan diez pesos cada una: they cost ten pesos each
    2) : every
    cada vez: every time
    3) : such, some
    sales con cada historia: you come up with such crazy stories
    4)
    cada vez más : more and more, increasingly
    5)
    cada vez menos : less and less
    * * *
    cada adj
    1. (en general) every
    ¡dice cada tontería! he says such stupid things!
    ¡sale con cada excusa! she comes out with amazing excuses!
    ¿cada cuánto? how often?
    cada vez más more and more / increasingly

    Spanish-English dictionary > cada

  • 4 documento

    m.
    1 document (escrito).
    documento confidencial restricted document
    2 record (testimonio).
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: documentar.
    * * *
    1 document
    \
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=escrito) document

    documento adjunto — (Inform) attachment

    documento justificativo — voucher, certificate

    See:
    2) (=certificado) certificate
    3) (=testimonio) document
    * * *
    a) (Adm, Der) document

    ¿lleva algún documento que pruebe su identidad? — do you have any (means of) identification?

    * * *
    = document, item, material, work, stock item, record, paper.
    Ex. A bibliographic data base comprises a set of records which refer to documents (such as books, films, periodical articles or reports).
    Ex. A catalogue is a list of the materials or items in a library, with the entries representing the items arranged in some systematic order.
    Ex. It is my understanding that the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, 2nd edition, (AACR2) will prescribe the same entry rules for all materials.
    Ex. An authority entry is an entry for which the initial element is the uniform heading for a person, corporate body, or work, as established by the cataloguing agency responsible.
    Ex. A new building will open in 1990, catering for 5 million stock items and 1,000 readers' seats.
    Ex. A record is a complete unit of information about a person, item, product, book, patient, chemical, etc. and in a computer-held data base a record is all the information contained relating to a document.
    Ex. In particular, a data base may be concerned to list separately individual periodical articles and single papers in conference proceedings.
    ----
    * acceso a los documentos = document delivery.
    * acción de guardar documentos = save.
    * ADONIS (Distribución automática de documentos a través de sistemas de inform = ADONIS (Automated Document Delivery Over Networked Information Systems).
    * análisis formal de documentos = markup [mark-up].
    * Archivo Británico de Documentos Públicos = British Public Record Office.
    * archivo de documentos administrativos = public record office.
    * archivo de documentos públicos = record office.
    * área de datos específicos de la clase de documento = material (or type of publication) specific details area.
    * base de datos de documentos primarios = source database.
    * base de datos de documentos secundarios = reference database.
    * búsqueda de documento conocido = known-item search.
    * búsqueda de documentos concretos = item search.
    * Centro de Distribución de Documentos de la Biblioteca Británica (BLDSC) = British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC).
    * circulación de documentos = flow of documents, stock circulation.
    * codificar un documento = mark up + document.
    * cola de documentos reservados y disponibles = held-document-available queue.
    * colección de documentos impresos = print collection.
    * colocación de los documentos de vuelta en los estantes = reshelving.
    * comprobación del documento = collating.
    * conservación de documentos electrónicos = electronic document preservation.
    * conservador de documentos = records custodian.
    * contenido del documento = document content.
    * creación de documentos secundarios = surrogacy.
    * de acuerdo con este documento = hereunder.
    * del documento específico = document-related.
    * dependiente del documento = document-dependent.
    * depósito de documentos digitales = repository.
    * depósito de documentos electrónico = repository.
    * descripción de documentos de archivo = archival description.
    * descripción del documento = document description.
    * designación específica de la clase de documento = specific material designation.
    * designación general de la clase de documento = general material designation.
    * difusión electrónica de documentos (DED) = electronic document delivery (EDD).
    * digitalización de documentos = document imaging.
    * distribución de documentos de préstamo interbibliotecario = interlibrary loan document delivery.
    * documento acreditativo de identidad = proof of identity.
    * documento administrativo público = public record.
    * documento base = discussion document.
    * documento científico = scholarly work.
    * documento citado = cited document.
    * documento citante = citing document.
    * documento compuesto = composite document, compound document.
    * documento de archivo = archival document, archival record, archival file, archival print.
    * documento de autoridad archivística = archival authority record, archival authority record.
    * documento de consulta = discussion document.
    * documento de debate = discussion paper.
    * documento de imagen en movimiento = moving image document.
    * documento de opinión = discussion document.
    * documento de renuncia = waiver form.
    * documento derivado = derivative document.
    * documento de texto = textual document.
    * documento de trabajo = working document, working draft.
    * documento electrónico = electronic document, machine readable document, electronic record.
    * documento en papel = paper document.
    * documento estatal = state document.
    * documento fuente = host document, original document, parent document, source document.
    * documento hallado = match.
    * documento histórico = historical document, historical paper.
    * documento icónico = iconic document.
    * documento impreso = printout [print-out], paper document, print-off.
    * documento informativo = FYI (For Your Information).
    * documento interno = internal document.
    * documento legal = legal document.
    * documento legible por máquina = machine readable document.
    * documento literario = literary document.
    * documento matriz = master document.
    * documento multimedia = multimedia document (MD).
    * documento oficial = government document, official document, official record.
    * documento oficial municipal = municipal document.
    * documento origen = host document.
    * documento pictórico = image document.
    * documento primario = primary document, primary publication, primary source.
    * documento prohibido = banned title.
    * documento público = public document, municipal document.
    * documento recuperado = hit.
    * documento recuperado no pertinente = false drop.
    * documento reservado = held document.
    * documento secundario = derivative document, secondary document, secondary publication, surrogate, document surrogate.
    * documentos encontrados = posting.
    * documentos jurídicos = muniments.
    * documento sonoro = audio document.
    * documentos personales = personal papers.
    * documentos primarios = primary material, primary source material.
    * documentos producto de investigación = research materials.
    * documento técnico = technical document.
    * documento vencido = overdue, overdue document.
    * documento web = Web document.
    * dominado por el documento impreso = print-dominated.
    * encargado de la gestión de documentos = record(s) manager.
    * en este documento = herein, hereto.
    * enunciado de búsqueda de documentos multimedia = multimedia query.
    * enviar un documento = deliver + document.
    * específico del documento = document-related, document-specific.
    * etiqueta del documento = document label.
    * etiquetado de documentos = document markup.
    * experto en la confección de documentos web = text mark-up expert.
    * expurgo de documentos = records disposition.
    * fichero de registro por documento = item record file.
    * formato generalizado para la codificación de documentos web = generalised markup format.
    * gestión de documentos = document management, handling of documents, record(s) management, record keeping [recordkeeping].
    * gestión de documentos electrónicos = electronic document management.
    * gestión de imágenes de documentos = document image management.
    * gestión electrónica de documentos = electronic record management.
    * gestión y conservación de documentos electrónicos = electronic document preservation and management.
    * grado de coincidencia entre el tema de un documento y el tema de búsqueda = topicality.
    * identificador del documento = document identifier.
    * imagen digital de un documento = digital image document.
    * índice de palabras del documento = textwords ratio.
    * índice de registro por documento = item record index.
    * lector de documentos = document scanner.
    * lenguaje para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup language.
    * mapa que se inserta en otro documento = inclusion map.
    * mercado de suministro de documentos = document supply market.
    * método de la Inversión de la Frecuencia de los Documentos (IDF) = Inverse Document Frequency model (IDF).
    * NAGARA (Asociación Nacional de Archiveros y Gestores de Documentos del Gobie = National Association of Government Archivists and Records Administrators (NAGARA).
    * número de documentos devueltos a los estantes = shelving statistics.
    * número de identificación del documento = library registration number.
    * número del documento = document identification number, document number.
    * número de referencia del documento = document reference number.
    * obsolescencia del documento = literature aging [literature ageing].
    * ordenar los documentos recuperados en orden de = rank + documents.
    * ordenar los documentos recuperados en orden de pertinencia = rank + document output.
    * palabra del documento = textword.
    * pantalla resumen del documento = document summary screen.
    * pedido de documento = document ordering.
    * petición de documentos = document delivery.
    * petición de documentos por el lector = document request.
    * producción de documentos = document production.
    * profesional encargado de la gestión de documentos = records professional.
    * publicación de documentos del gobierno = government publishing.
    * publicación de documentos oficiales = official publishing.
    * redactar un documento = draft + document.
    * red de suministro de documentos = document supply network.
    * registro de documento pedido = on-order record.
    * renovar el préstamo de un documento = renew + document.
    * reproducción de documentos = documentary reproduction.
    * responsable de la gestión de documentos = record(s) manager.
    * restauración de documentos = document restoration.
    * seguir la pista a un documento = chase + item.
    * seleccionar y presentar en un documento = package.
    * selección de documentos = document selection, selection of documents.
    * servicio de entrega de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * servicio de petición de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * servicio de préstamo de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * servicio de suministro de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * servicio de transferencia de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * servicios de documentos secundarios = secondary services.
    * servidor de documentos = document server.
    * servir un documento = deliver + document.
    * SGML (Lenguaje Estándar Universal para el Análisis Formal de Documentos) = SGML (Standard Generalised Markup Language).
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de documentos = computerised document retrieval system.
    * sistema de digitalización de documentos = document imaging system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos = record(s) system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos electrónicos = electronic document management system (EDMS).
    * sistema de petición de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema de suministro de documentos = document supply system.
    * sistema de transferencia de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos = markup code.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup system.
    * solicitar un documento = request + document.
    * suministro de documentos = document supply.
    * transferencia de documentos = document delivery.
    * tratamiento de documentos = document processing, document handling.
    * Tratamiento de Imágenes de Documentos (DIP) = Document Image Processing (DIP).
    * UNDEX (Indice de Documentos de las Naciones Unidas) = UNDEX (United Nations Documents Index).
    * UNDI (Indice de Documentos de las Naciones Unidas) = UNDI (United Nations Documents Index).
    * vector de los documentos = document vector.
    * vida útil de un documento = shelf life.
    * XML (Lenguaje Extensible para el Análisis de Documentos) = XML (Extensible Markup Language).
    * * *
    a) (Adm, Der) document

    ¿lleva algún documento que pruebe su identidad? — do you have any (means of) identification?

    * * *
    = document, item, material, work, stock item, record, paper.

    Ex: A bibliographic data base comprises a set of records which refer to documents (such as books, films, periodical articles or reports).

    Ex: A catalogue is a list of the materials or items in a library, with the entries representing the items arranged in some systematic order.
    Ex: It is my understanding that the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, 2nd edition, (AACR2) will prescribe the same entry rules for all materials.
    Ex: An authority entry is an entry for which the initial element is the uniform heading for a person, corporate body, or work, as established by the cataloguing agency responsible.
    Ex: A new building will open in 1990, catering for 5 million stock items and 1,000 readers' seats.
    Ex: A record is a complete unit of information about a person, item, product, book, patient, chemical, etc. and in a computer-held data base a record is all the information contained relating to a document.
    Ex: In particular, a data base may be concerned to list separately individual periodical articles and single papers in conference proceedings.
    * acceso a los documentos = document delivery.
    * acción de guardar documentos = save.
    * ADONIS (Distribución automática de documentos a través de sistemas de inform = ADONIS (Automated Document Delivery Over Networked Information Systems).
    * análisis formal de documentos = markup [mark-up].
    * Archivo Británico de Documentos Públicos = British Public Record Office.
    * archivo de documentos administrativos = public record office.
    * archivo de documentos públicos = record office.
    * área de datos específicos de la clase de documento = material (or type of publication) specific details area.
    * base de datos de documentos primarios = source database.
    * base de datos de documentos secundarios = reference database.
    * búsqueda de documento conocido = known-item search.
    * búsqueda de documentos concretos = item search.
    * Centro de Distribución de Documentos de la Biblioteca Británica (BLDSC) = British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC).
    * circulación de documentos = flow of documents, stock circulation.
    * codificar un documento = mark up + document.
    * cola de documentos reservados y disponibles = held-document-available queue.
    * colección de documentos impresos = print collection.
    * colocación de los documentos de vuelta en los estantes = reshelving.
    * comprobación del documento = collating.
    * conservación de documentos electrónicos = electronic document preservation.
    * conservador de documentos = records custodian.
    * contenido del documento = document content.
    * creación de documentos secundarios = surrogacy.
    * de acuerdo con este documento = hereunder.
    * del documento específico = document-related.
    * dependiente del documento = document-dependent.
    * depósito de documentos digitales = repository.
    * depósito de documentos electrónico = repository.
    * descripción de documentos de archivo = archival description.
    * descripción del documento = document description.
    * designación específica de la clase de documento = specific material designation.
    * designación general de la clase de documento = general material designation.
    * difusión electrónica de documentos (DED) = electronic document delivery (EDD).
    * digitalización de documentos = document imaging.
    * distribución de documentos de préstamo interbibliotecario = interlibrary loan document delivery.
    * documento acreditativo de identidad = proof of identity.
    * documento administrativo público = public record.
    * documento base = discussion document.
    * documento científico = scholarly work.
    * documento citado = cited document.
    * documento citante = citing document.
    * documento compuesto = composite document, compound document.
    * documento de archivo = archival document, archival record, archival file, archival print.
    * documento de autoridad archivística = archival authority record, archival authority record.
    * documento de consulta = discussion document.
    * documento de debate = discussion paper.
    * documento de imagen en movimiento = moving image document.
    * documento de opinión = discussion document.
    * documento de renuncia = waiver form.
    * documento derivado = derivative document.
    * documento de texto = textual document.
    * documento de trabajo = working document, working draft.
    * documento electrónico = electronic document, machine readable document, electronic record.
    * documento en papel = paper document.
    * documento estatal = state document.
    * documento fuente = host document, original document, parent document, source document.
    * documento hallado = match.
    * documento histórico = historical document, historical paper.
    * documento icónico = iconic document.
    * documento impreso = printout [print-out], paper document, print-off.
    * documento informativo = FYI (For Your Information).
    * documento interno = internal document.
    * documento legal = legal document.
    * documento legible por máquina = machine readable document.
    * documento literario = literary document.
    * documento matriz = master document.
    * documento multimedia = multimedia document (MD).
    * documento oficial = government document, official document, official record.
    * documento oficial municipal = municipal document.
    * documento origen = host document.
    * documento pictórico = image document.
    * documento primario = primary document, primary publication, primary source.
    * documento prohibido = banned title.
    * documento público = public document, municipal document.
    * documento recuperado = hit.
    * documento recuperado no pertinente = false drop.
    * documento reservado = held document.
    * documento secundario = derivative document, secondary document, secondary publication, surrogate, document surrogate.
    * documentos encontrados = posting.
    * documentos jurídicos = muniments.
    * documento sonoro = audio document.
    * documentos personales = personal papers.
    * documentos primarios = primary material, primary source material.
    * documentos producto de investigación = research materials.
    * documento técnico = technical document.
    * documento vencido = overdue, overdue document.
    * documento web = Web document.
    * dominado por el documento impreso = print-dominated.
    * encargado de la gestión de documentos = record(s) manager.
    * en este documento = herein, hereto.
    * enunciado de búsqueda de documentos multimedia = multimedia query.
    * enviar un documento = deliver + document.
    * específico del documento = document-related, document-specific.
    * etiqueta del documento = document label.
    * etiquetado de documentos = document markup.
    * experto en la confección de documentos web = text mark-up expert.
    * expurgo de documentos = records disposition.
    * fichero de registro por documento = item record file.
    * formato generalizado para la codificación de documentos web = generalised markup format.
    * gestión de documentos = document management, handling of documents, record(s) management, record keeping [recordkeeping].
    * gestión de documentos electrónicos = electronic document management.
    * gestión de imágenes de documentos = document image management.
    * gestión electrónica de documentos = electronic record management.
    * gestión y conservación de documentos electrónicos = electronic document preservation and management.
    * grado de coincidencia entre el tema de un documento y el tema de búsqueda = topicality.
    * identificador del documento = document identifier.
    * imagen digital de un documento = digital image document.
    * índice de palabras del documento = textwords ratio.
    * índice de registro por documento = item record index.
    * lector de documentos = document scanner.
    * lenguaje para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup language.
    * mapa que se inserta en otro documento = inclusion map.
    * mercado de suministro de documentos = document supply market.
    * método de la Inversión de la Frecuencia de los Documentos (IDF) = Inverse Document Frequency model (IDF).
    * NAGARA (Asociación Nacional de Archiveros y Gestores de Documentos del Gobie = National Association of Government Archivists and Records Administrators (NAGARA).
    * número de documentos devueltos a los estantes = shelving statistics.
    * número de identificación del documento = library registration number.
    * número del documento = document identification number, document number.
    * número de referencia del documento = document reference number.
    * obsolescencia del documento = literature aging [literature ageing].
    * ordenar los documentos recuperados en orden de = rank + documents.
    * ordenar los documentos recuperados en orden de pertinencia = rank + document output.
    * palabra del documento = textword.
    * pantalla resumen del documento = document summary screen.
    * pedido de documento = document ordering.
    * petición de documentos = document delivery.
    * petición de documentos por el lector = document request.
    * producción de documentos = document production.
    * profesional encargado de la gestión de documentos = records professional.
    * publicación de documentos del gobierno = government publishing.
    * publicación de documentos oficiales = official publishing.
    * redactar un documento = draft + document.
    * red de suministro de documentos = document supply network.
    * registro de documento pedido = on-order record.
    * renovar el préstamo de un documento = renew + document.
    * reproducción de documentos = documentary reproduction.
    * responsable de la gestión de documentos = record(s) manager.
    * restauración de documentos = document restoration.
    * seguir la pista a un documento = chase + item.
    * seleccionar y presentar en un documento = package.
    * selección de documentos = document selection, selection of documents.
    * servicio de entrega de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * servicio de petición de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * servicio de préstamo de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * servicio de suministro de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * servicio de transferencia de documentos = document delivery service (DDS).
    * servicios de documentos secundarios = secondary services.
    * servidor de documentos = document server.
    * servir un documento = deliver + document.
    * SGML (Lenguaje Estándar Universal para el Análisis Formal de Documentos) = SGML (Standard Generalised Markup Language).
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de documentos = computerised document retrieval system.
    * sistema de digitalización de documentos = document imaging system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos = record(s) system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos electrónicos = electronic document management system (EDMS).
    * sistema de petición de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema de suministro de documentos = document supply system.
    * sistema de transferencia de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos = markup code.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup system.
    * solicitar un documento = request + document.
    * suministro de documentos = document supply.
    * transferencia de documentos = document delivery.
    * tratamiento de documentos = document processing, document handling.
    * Tratamiento de Imágenes de Documentos (DIP) = Document Image Processing (DIP).
    * UNDEX (Indice de Documentos de las Naciones Unidas) = UNDEX (United Nations Documents Index).
    * UNDI (Indice de Documentos de las Naciones Unidas) = UNDI (United Nations Documents Index).
    * vector de los documentos = document vector.
    * vida útil de un documento = shelf life.
    * XML (Lenguaje Extensible para el Análisis de Documentos) = XML (Extensible Markup Language).

    * * *
    1 ( Adm, Der, Inf) document
    no hay ningún documento que pruebe sus afirmaciones there is no documentary proof o evidence o there are no documents to support what he says
    ¿lleva algún documento que pruebe su identidad? do you have any proof of identity?, do you have any (means of) identification?
    los documentos del coche the car documents
    2
    (testimonio): estas imágenes constituyen un documento de la situación allí these images bear witness to o are testimony to the situation there
    sus escritos son documentos valiosos para el historiador his writings are a valuable source of information for the historian
    Compuesto:
    ( Esp) National Identity Card
    * * *

     

    Del verbo documentar: ( conjugate documentar)

    documento es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    documentó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    documentar    
    documento
    documentar ( conjugate documentar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹trabajo/hipótesis/solicitud› to document
    2 (Méx) ‹ equipaje› to check in
    documentarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( informarse) to do research
    2 (Méx) [ pasajero] to check in
    documento sustantivo masculino (Adm, Der, Inf) document;


    (Inf) attachment
    documentar verbo transitivo to document
    documento sustantivo masculino document
    Esp Documento Nacional de Identidad (DNI), Identification Card
    ' documento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    anexa
    - anexo
    - archivo
    - balance
    - carta
    - convalidar
    - DNI
    - expedir
    - extender
    - falsear
    - fe
    - hoja
    - inicial
    - licencia
    - nómina
    - nominativa
    - nominativo
    - oficial
    - otorgar
    - papel
    - partida
    - pergamino
    - permiso
    - pliego
    - póliza
    - posesión
    - renovación
    - renuncia
    - resguardo
    - romperse
    - sacar
    - testigo
    - timbre
    - título
    - traslado
    - visar
    - adosar
    - amañar
    - aparecer
    - apéndice
    - autenticar
    - auténtico
    - autorizar
    - avalar
    - chueco
    - concordar
    - constar
    - dicho
    - duplicar
    - ejemplar
    English:
    annexe
    - attach
    - attached
    - circulate
    - coerce
    - copy
    - document
    - enclosure
    - endorsement
    - expiry
    - ID
    - look over
    - look through
    - private
    - privileged
    - produce
    - production
    - receipt
    - record
    - renew
    - renewal
    - rough
    - seal
    - secret
    - send in
    - stamp
    - study
    - tamper
    - valid
    - witness
    - attachment
    - exhibit
    - identification
    * * *
    1. [escrito] document
    documento nacional de identidad identity card; Der documento privado private document; Der documento público public record o document; Der documento de venta bill of sale
    2. [testimonio] record;
    uno de los primeros documentos sonoros que existen one of the first sound recordings in existence;
    estas fotos son un documento gráfico de incalculable valor these photos are a visual record of incalculable value
    3. Informát document;
    guárdalo en Mis documentos save it in My documents
    DOCUMENTO NACIONAL DE IDENTIDAD
    It is mandatory in many Spanish-speaking countries to carry a national identity card, or Documento Nacional de Identidad (DNI), showing the bearer's personal details and a photo. In Spain it is also called a carné, and all Spanish citizens have to carry one from the age of fourteen. The card is renewed every five or ten years at police stations, and must be shown to police upon demand. A similar document, the “Cédula (Nacional) de Identidad” is carried in Colombia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela, Argentina and Chile. In 2006 Spain began introducing an electronic identity card, which has a microchip containing the holder's personal details in digitized form.
    * * *
    m document
    * * *
    : document
    * * *
    documento n document

    Spanish-English dictionary > documento

  • 5 resistencia

    f.
    1 resistance (gen) & ( Elec & politics).
    ofrecer resistencia to put up resistance
    resistencia pasiva passive resistance
    2 strength.
    3 stamina.
    4 Resistencia.
    * * *
    1 (gen) resistance
    2 (aguante) endurance, stamina
    3 (oposición) resistance, opposition
    4 ELECTRICIDAD resistance
    5 (de materiales) strength
    6 la Resistencia HISTORIA the Resistance
    \
    prueba de resistencia endurance test
    resistencia pasiva passive resistance
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=oposición) resistance

    la Resistencia — ( Hist) the Resistance

    ofrecer o oponer resistencia — to offer resistance, resist

    2) (=aguante) stamina
    3) [a la enfermedad, al frío] resistance
    4) [de materiales] strength
    5) (Elec) (=cualidad) resistance; (=componente de circuito) resistor; [de plancha, secador] element
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( oposición) resistance

    sin ofrecer or oponer resistencia — without putting up o offering any resistance

    b) la Resistencia (Hist, Pol) the Resistance
    2)
    a) ( aguante)
    b) (a virus, enfermedad) resistance
    3)
    a) (al aire, agua, a corriente eléctrica) resistance
    b) ( componente de circuito) resistor; (de secador, calentador) element
    * * *
    = endurance, reluctance, resistance, stamina, strength, resistor, staying power, resilience, impedance, drag.
    Ex. By some extra stamina or heritage of endurance they contrived to exist by becoming peddlers.
    Ex. Other barriers such as language and professional reluctance to cooperate internationally cannot be changed by legislation.
    Ex. Many of the problems facing society are so complex, the narrowness and resistance to change by many professions may lead to their extinction because they are not geared to contribute to the solution of those problems.
    Ex. By some extra stamina or heritage of endurance they contrived to exist by becoming pedlars.
    Ex. The strength of the acetone rinsing on the strength of the paper is investigated, and its efficiency in removing NM2P is also examined using gas liquid chromatography.
    Ex. The first transistors were individual devices with wires joining them to other electronic components such as resistors, capacitors and other transistors.
    Ex. Nevertheless, he believes that while it will not disappear tomorrow, the jury is still out on whether Knowledge Management has staying power.
    Ex. The film is less about idealism in the face of adversity than dumb resilience in spite of everything.
    Ex. The impedance problem is at the root of the incompatibilities.
    Ex. Some of the obstacles are unrealistic, unrealizable local ambitions, organizational drag, competition among libraries, and lack of innovation space = Algunos de los obstáculos son las ambiciones locales poco realistas e irrealizables, el lastre institucional, la competencia entre las bibliotecas y la falta de espacio para la innovación.
    ----
    * de alta resistencia = heavy-duty.
    * foco de resistencia = pocket of resistance.
    * ganar resistencia = grow in + stamina.
    * lucha de resistencia = battle of wills.
    * miembro de la resistencia = resister.
    * movimiento de resistencia = resistance movement.
    * ofrecer resistencia = put up + resistance.
    * oponer resistencia = put up + resistance.
    * resistencia a = imperviousness to.
    * resistencia a la insulina = insulin resistance.
    * resistencia a la tensión = tensile strength.
    * resistencia al envejecimiento = aging resistance [ageing resistance].
    * resistencia al fuego = fire resistance.
    * resistencia al plegado = fold strength.
    * resistencia en espiral = heating coil.
    * resistencia, la = resistance, the.
    * sin resistencia = unchallenged, unopposed.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( oposición) resistance

    sin ofrecer or oponer resistencia — without putting up o offering any resistance

    b) la Resistencia (Hist, Pol) the Resistance
    2)
    a) ( aguante)
    b) (a virus, enfermedad) resistance
    3)
    a) (al aire, agua, a corriente eléctrica) resistance
    b) ( componente de circuito) resistor; (de secador, calentador) element
    * * *
    la resistencia
    (n.) = resistance, the

    Ex: The first option means fighting the resistance, brutalizing, barbarizing and dehumanising both ourselves and our victims, and resulting, at best, in a desolate and desocialized state.

    = endurance, reluctance, resistance, stamina, strength, resistor, staying power, resilience, impedance, drag.

    Ex: By some extra stamina or heritage of endurance they contrived to exist by becoming peddlers.

    Ex: Other barriers such as language and professional reluctance to cooperate internationally cannot be changed by legislation.
    Ex: Many of the problems facing society are so complex, the narrowness and resistance to change by many professions may lead to their extinction because they are not geared to contribute to the solution of those problems.
    Ex: By some extra stamina or heritage of endurance they contrived to exist by becoming pedlars.
    Ex: The strength of the acetone rinsing on the strength of the paper is investigated, and its efficiency in removing NM2P is also examined using gas liquid chromatography.
    Ex: The first transistors were individual devices with wires joining them to other electronic components such as resistors, capacitors and other transistors.
    Ex: Nevertheless, he believes that while it will not disappear tomorrow, the jury is still out on whether Knowledge Management has staying power.
    Ex: The film is less about idealism in the face of adversity than dumb resilience in spite of everything.
    Ex: The impedance problem is at the root of the incompatibilities.
    Ex: Some of the obstacles are unrealistic, unrealizable local ambitions, organizational drag, competition among libraries, and lack of innovation space = Algunos de los obstáculos son las ambiciones locales poco realistas e irrealizables, el lastre institucional, la competencia entre las bibliotecas y la falta de espacio para la innovación.
    * de alta resistencia = heavy-duty.
    * foco de resistencia = pocket of resistance.
    * ganar resistencia = grow in + stamina.
    * lucha de resistencia = battle of wills.
    * miembro de la resistencia = resister.
    * movimiento de resistencia = resistance movement.
    * ofrecer resistencia = put up + resistance.
    * oponer resistencia = put up + resistance.
    * resistencia a = imperviousness to.
    * resistencia a la insulina = insulin resistance.
    * resistencia a la tensión = tensile strength.
    * resistencia al envejecimiento = aging resistance [ageing resistance].
    * resistencia al fuego = fire resistance.
    * resistencia al plegado = fold strength.
    * resistencia en espiral = heating coil.
    * resistencia, la = resistance, the.
    * sin resistencia = unchallenged, unopposed.

    * * *
    A
    1 (oposición) resistance
    se entregó sin ofrecer or oponer resistencia he gave himself up without putting up o offering any resistance o without resistance
    resistencia pasiva passive resistance
    2
    la Resistencia ( Hist, Pol) the Resistance
    B
    1 (fortaleza, aguante) stamina
    tiene una gran resistencia física she has tremendous stamina o staying power
    prueba de resistencia endurance test
    2 (a un virus, una enfermedad) resistance
    C
    1 (al aire, agua) resistance
    4 (de un secador, calentador) element
    * * *

     

    resistencia sustantivo femenino
    1



    2 ( componente de circuito) resistor;
    (de secador, calentador) element
    resistencia sustantivo femenino
    1 (aguante de una persona) endurance: tiene mucha resistencia física, he has a lot of stamina
    2 (oposición a una fuerza, medida, acción) resistance: opusieron mucha resistencia a nuestro proyecto, they put up a lot of resistance to our project
    3 Elec element
    4 Hist Pol la Resistencia, the Resistance
    ' resistencia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    legitimar
    - oponer
    - torsión
    - ofrecer
    - resistir
    - sostener
    English:
    break down
    - defiance
    - drag
    - element
    - endurance
    - fight
    - offer
    - opposition
    - pocket
    - put up
    - resilience
    - resistance
    - resistor
    - rope
    - soften up
    - stamina
    - staying power
    - strength
    - wear down
    - put
    - resist
    - stand
    - struggle
    - weakly
    * * *
    1. [fuerza] strength
    2. [aguante, oposición] resistance;
    [para correr, hacer deporte] stamina;
    ofrecer o [m5] oponer resistencia to put up resistance
    resistencia activa active resistance;
    resistencia pasiva passive resistance
    3. Elec resistance
    4. Fís resistance
    5. Hist
    la Resistencia the Resistance
    * * *
    f
    1 ( oposición) resistance
    2 EL, TÉC pieza resistor
    * * *
    1) : resistance
    2) aguante: endurance, strength, stamina
    * * *
    1. (oposición) resistance
    3. (fuerza) strength
    es un anciano, pero aún tiene resistencia he's an old man, but he's still strong

    Spanish-English dictionary > resistencia

  • 6 índice2

    2 = indicator, rate, ratio, incidence, index [indices/indexes, -pl.], rating.
    Ex. To indicate from which field a given work was Cuttered, these second indicators could be further redefined = Para indicar de qué campo se le había asignado la marca de Cutter a una obra, se podían delimitar aún más estos segundos indicadores.
    Ex. Whether, in the future, the co-operatives will be able to fund appropriate developments at a sufficiently rapid rate remains an unanswered question.
    Ex. The microfiche is a common form for catalogues and indexes, usually 208 or 270 frames per fiche, in a piece of film and with a reduction ratio of 42 or 48:1.
    Ex. The number of entries in pre-co-ordinate system will depend upon the incidence of references and multiple entries.
    Ex. As job anxiety scores increased, job satisfaction indices decreased.
    Ex. But the rater must not be afraid to give negative ratings.
    ----
    * índice de abandono escolar = dropout rate.
    * índice de acierto = hit rate.
    * índice de afinidad = affinity index.
    * índice de alcoholemia = blood alcohol level.
    * índice de alcohol en sangre = blood alcohol level.
    * índice de apertura = openness index.
    * índice de audiencia = rating.
    * índice de calidad del aire = air quality index.
    * índice de colesterol = cholesterol level.
    * índice de confianza del consumidor = consumer confidence index.
    * índice de criminalidad = crime rate.
    * índice de deserción escolar = dropout rate.
    * índice de divorcios = divorce expectancy.
    * índice de evaporación = evaporation rate.
    * índice de exhaustividad = recall ratio.
    * índice de exhaustividad de la recuperación = recall measure.
    * índice de éxito = success rate.
    * índice de fracaso escolar = failure rate, dropout rate.
    * índice de impacto = impact indicator, impact factor.
    * índice de impacto de una publicación periódica = periodical impact factor.
    * índice de impacto inmediato = immediacy index.
    * índice de irrelevancia = fallout, fallout ratio.
    * índice de Jaccard = Jaccard's index.
    * índice del coste de (la) vida = cost of living index.
    * índice del costo de (la) vida = cost of living index.
    * índice de legibilidad = readability rating, readability formula, readability index.
    * índice de masa corporal (IMC) = body mass index (BMI).
    * índice de morbosidad = morbidity rate.
    * índice de morbosidad infantil = infant morbidity rate.
    * índice de mortalidad = death rate, mortality rate.
    * índice de mortalidad infantil = infant mortality rate.
    * índice de mortalidad materna = maternity mortality rate.
    * índice de mortandad = death rate, mortality rate.
    * índice de no citación = uncitedness.
    * índice de obsolescencia = aging rate [ageing rate], aging factor [ageing factor].
    * índice de octano = octane number.
    * índice de palabras del documento = textwords ratio.
    * índice de pertinencia = precision ratio, relevance rating, relevance ranking.
    * índice de ponderación = threshold weight.
    * índice de precios = price index.
    * índice de precios al consumo = consumer price index (CPI), cost of living index.
    * Indice de Precios al Consumo (IPC) = Retail Price Index (RPI).
    * índice de precipitación = rainfall figure.
    * índice de precisión = precision figure.
    * índice de predicción = predictor.
    * índice de probabilidad = expectancy ratio.
    * índice de producción = output indicator.
    * índice de productividad = output measure.
    * índice de registro por documento = item record index.
    * índice de registro por término = term record index.
    * índice de rendimiento = performance rating, performance measure, output measure.
    * índice de rendimiento personal = individual performance index.
    * índice de respuesta = response rate, rate of response.
    * índice de satisfacción = fill rate, satisfaction rating.
    * índice de suicidios = suicide rate.
    * índice de uso = performance measure, output measure.
    * índice económico = economic index.
    * índice proporciométrico = proportiometric index.

    Spanish-English dictionary > índice2

  • 7 índice

    m.
    1 index, table of contents.
    2 index finger, index, forefinger, long finger.
    3 rate, coefficient, ratio.
    4 pointer, indicator.
    5 suffix of a string.
    * * *
    1 (gen) index; (indicio) sign, indicator
    2 (de un libro) index, table of contents; (catálogo) catalogue
    3 (dedo) index finger, forefinger
    \
    índice de precios al consumo retail price index
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) [de libro, publicación] index

    índice de materias, índice temático — table of contents

    2) (=catálogo) (library) catalogue, (library) catalog (EEUU)
    3) (Estadística) rate

    índice de audiencia — (TV) audience ratings pl

    índice de mortalidad — death rate, mortality rate

    4) (Econ) index
    5) (Mec)
    6) (=prueba) sign, indication

    es un índice claro de que el plan ha fracasado — it's a clear sign o indication that the plan has failed

    7) (Téc) (=aguja) pointer, needle; (=manecilla) hand
    8) (Anat) (tb: dedo índice) index finger, forefinger
    9) (Rel)
    * * *
    1) ( de una publicación) index; ( catálogo) catalog*
    2) (Anat) index finger, forefinger
    3)
    a) (Mat, Inf) index
    b) (tasa, coeficiente) rate
    4) (indicio, muestra) sign, indication
    * * *
    1) ( de una publicación) index; ( catálogo) catalog*
    2) (Anat) index finger, forefinger
    3)
    a) (Mat, Inf) index
    b) (tasa, coeficiente) rate
    4) (indicio, muestra) sign, indication
    * * *
    índice1
    1 = index [indices/indexes, -pl.].
    Nota: Listado alfabético o sistemático de materias que envían a la posición de cada materia en un documento o conjunto de documentos.

    Ex: An index, in the context of information retrieval, is some kind of physical mechanism, or tool, which serves to indicate to the searcher those parts of an information store which are potentially relevant to a request.

    * al estilo de los índices de materia = subject-type.
    * basado en índices = index-based.
    * boletín de índices = indexing bulletin.
    * buscar a través de los índices = browse.
    * búsqueda en el índice = index searching.
    * consultar a través de los índices = browse.
    * consultar un índice = search + index.
    * creación de los índices de un libro = back-of-the-book indexing, back-of-book indexing.
    * crear un índice = generate + index.
    * disco índice = index disc.
    * distribución de una materia en su índice = subject scatter.
    * elaborar un índice = produce + index.
    * entrada del índice = index entry.
    * hacer un índice digital = thumb index.
    * índice acumulativo = cumulative index, cumulated index.
    * índice alfabético = alphabetical index.
    * índice alfabético de materias = alphabetical subject index.
    * índice articulado de materias = articulated subject index.
    * índice bibliométrico = bibliometric index.
    * Indice Británico de Tecnología (BTI) = BTI (British Technology Index).
    * índice colectivo = pool index.
    * índice cruzado = dual dictionary.
    * índice de autores = author index.
    * Indice de Autores Corporativos = Corporate Index.
    * Indice de Citas = citation index, Citation Index.
    * Indice de Citas de Ciencia (SCI) = Science Citation Index (SCI).
    * Indice de Citas de las Ciencias Sociales (SSCI) = Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI).
    * índice de contenido = contents list, table of contents [ToC], contents table.
    * Indice de Documentos de las Naciones Unidas (UNDEX) = UNDEX (United Nations Documents Index).
    * Indice de Documentos de las Naciones Unidas (UNDI) = UNDI (United Nations Documents Index).
    * Indice de Fuentes = source index, Source Index.
    * índice de libro = book index.
    * índice de listado de ordenador compuesto tipográficamente = typeset computer book form index.
    * índice de localización = localisation index.
    * índice de materias = subject index, topical index, subject guide.
    * índice de medicina = medical index.
    * índice de nombres = name index.
    * índice de publicaciones periódicas = periodical index.
    * índice derivado automáticamente de los títulos = derived index.
    * índice de términos permutados = Permuterm index.
    * índice de títulos = title index.
    * índice digital = thumb index, thumb holes.
    * índice encuadernado de listado de ordenador = computer book form index, computer book form index.
    * índice encuadernado en forma de listado de ordenador = computer book form index.
    * índice en lenguaje natural = natural language index.
    * índice en microfilm = microfilm index.
    * índice especializado = special index, specialist index.
    * índice específico = specific index.
    * índice final = back-of-the-book index, back-of-book index.
    * índice general = general index.
    * índice impreso = printed index.
    * índice invertido = dictionary, inverted index, inverted list.
    * índice invertido de las citas bibliográficas = citation dictionary.
    * índice invertido de las palabras del título = title word dictionary.
    * índice jerárquico = hierarchical index.
    * índice KWIC = KWIC index.
    * índice KWIC (Palabra Clave en su Contexto) = KWIC (Keyword-in-Context).
    * índice KWIT (Palabra Clave del Título) = KWIT (Keyword-in-Title).
    * índice KWOC (Palabra Clave fuera de su Contexto) = KWOC (Keyword-Out-of-Context).
    * índice permutado = permuted index, shunted index.
    * índice permutado del tipo KWIC = KWICed index.
    * Indice Permutado de Materias = Permuterm Subject Index.
    * índice permutado de palabras clave = permuted keyword index.
    * índice permutado de títulos = permuted title index.
    * índice por unitérminos = uniterm index.
    * índice postcoordinado = post-coordinate index.
    * índice precoordinado = pre-coordinate index.
    * índice quinquenal = quinquennial index.
    * índice relativo = relative index.
    * índices de títulos al estilo de los índices de materia = subject-type title indexes.
    * índices postcoordinados de fichas = card based post-coordinate index.
    * índice temático = subject index, thematic index, subject directory.
    * índice visible = visible index.
    * revista de índices = indexing journal.
    * sin índice = indexless.
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * término del índice = index term.

    índice2
    2 = indicator, rate, ratio, incidence, index [indices/indexes, -pl.], rating.

    Ex: To indicate from which field a given work was Cuttered, these second indicators could be further redefined = Para indicar de qué campo se le había asignado la marca de Cutter a una obra, se podían delimitar aún más estos segundos indicadores.

    Ex: Whether, in the future, the co-operatives will be able to fund appropriate developments at a sufficiently rapid rate remains an unanswered question.
    Ex: The microfiche is a common form for catalogues and indexes, usually 208 or 270 frames per fiche, in a piece of film and with a reduction ratio of 42 or 48:1.
    Ex: The number of entries in pre-co-ordinate system will depend upon the incidence of references and multiple entries.
    Ex: As job anxiety scores increased, job satisfaction indices decreased.
    Ex: But the rater must not be afraid to give negative ratings.
    * índice de abandono escolar = dropout rate.
    * índice de acierto = hit rate.
    * índice de afinidad = affinity index.
    * índice de alcoholemia = blood alcohol level.
    * índice de alcohol en sangre = blood alcohol level.
    * índice de apertura = openness index.
    * índice de audiencia = rating.
    * índice de calidad del aire = air quality index.
    * índice de colesterol = cholesterol level.
    * índice de confianza del consumidor = consumer confidence index.
    * índice de criminalidad = crime rate.
    * índice de deserción escolar = dropout rate.
    * índice de divorcios = divorce expectancy.
    * índice de evaporación = evaporation rate.
    * índice de exhaustividad = recall ratio.
    * índice de exhaustividad de la recuperación = recall measure.
    * índice de éxito = success rate.
    * índice de fracaso escolar = failure rate, dropout rate.
    * índice de impacto = impact indicator, impact factor.
    * índice de impacto de una publicación periódica = periodical impact factor.
    * índice de impacto inmediato = immediacy index.
    * índice de irrelevancia = fallout, fallout ratio.
    * índice de Jaccard = Jaccard's index.
    * índice del coste de (la) vida = cost of living index.
    * índice del costo de (la) vida = cost of living index.
    * índice de legibilidad = readability rating, readability formula, readability index.
    * índice de masa corporal (IMC) = body mass index (BMI).
    * índice de morbosidad = morbidity rate.
    * índice de morbosidad infantil = infant morbidity rate.
    * índice de mortalidad = death rate, mortality rate.
    * índice de mortalidad infantil = infant mortality rate.
    * índice de mortalidad materna = maternity mortality rate.
    * índice de mortandad = death rate, mortality rate.
    * índice de no citación = uncitedness.
    * índice de obsolescencia = aging rate [ageing rate], aging factor [ageing factor].
    * índice de octano = octane number.
    * índice de palabras del documento = textwords ratio.
    * índice de pertinencia = precision ratio, relevance rating, relevance ranking.
    * índice de ponderación = threshold weight.
    * índice de precios = price index.
    * índice de precios al consumo = consumer price index (CPI), cost of living index.
    * Indice de Precios al Consumo (IPC) = Retail Price Index (RPI).
    * índice de precipitación = rainfall figure.
    * índice de precisión = precision figure.
    * índice de predicción = predictor.
    * índice de probabilidad = expectancy ratio.
    * índice de producción = output indicator.
    * índice de productividad = output measure.
    * índice de registro por documento = item record index.
    * índice de registro por término = term record index.
    * índice de rendimiento = performance rating, performance measure, output measure.
    * índice de rendimiento personal = individual performance index.
    * índice de respuesta = response rate, rate of response.
    * índice de satisfacción = fill rate, satisfaction rating.
    * índice de suicidios = suicide rate.
    * índice de uso = performance measure, output measure.
    * índice económico = economic index.
    * índice proporciométrico = proportiometric index.

    índice3

    Ex: Then he picked up about 2 cm. of type from the right-hand end of the uppermost line (i.e. the last word or two of the last line) with the thumb and forefinger of his right hand, read it, and dropped the pieces of type one by one into their proper boxes.

    * dedo índice = index finger, forefinger.

    * * *
    A
    2
    el Índice ( Hist, Relig) the Index
    Compuestos:
    alphabetical index
    ● índice temático or de materias
    table of contents
    B ( Anat) index finger, forefinger
    C
    1 ( Mat) index
    2 ( Inf) index
    3 (tasa, coeficiente) rate
    un aumento en el índice de criminalidad an increase in the crime rate
    Compuestos:
    cephalic index
    ratings (pl)
    ● índice del costo or ( Esp) coste de (la) vida
    cost-of-living index
    body mass index
    death rate, mortality rate
    birth rate
    ● índice de precios al consumo or al consumidor
    consumer prices index, ≈ retail price index ( in UK)
    wholesale price index
    ● índice de sobrevivencia or supervivencia
    survival rate
    D (indicio, muestra) sign, indication
    es un índice de la crisis it is a sign o an indication of the crisis
    * * *

     

    Del verbo indizar: ( conjugate indizar)

    indicé es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    indice es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    indizar    
    índice
    índice sustantivo masculino
    1 ( de una publicación) index;
    ( catálogo) catalog( conjugate catalog)
    2 (Anat) index finger, forefinger
    3 (tasa, coeficiente) rate;

    índice sustantivo masculino
    1 (de libro) index, contents pl
    2 (proporción, tasa) rate
    índice de audiencia, ratings pl; índice de natalidad/mortalidad, birth/death rate
    Fin índice de precios al consumo (IPC), retail price index (RPI)
    Fin índice bursátil, stockmarket index
    Téc índice de calidad, quality factor
    3 Anat (dedo) índice, index finger, forefinger
    4 (síntoma, señal) sign, indication
    Index tiene dos formas del plural: si te refieres al contenido de un libro, el plural es indexes, pero si te refieres a un término matemático, es indices.
    ' índice' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abstención
    - concentrarse
    - dedo
    - IPC
    - sumaria
    - sumario
    - tabla
    - ponderar
    - tasa
    English:
    birth rate
    - consumer price index
    - content
    - CPI
    - death rate
    - economy
    - finger
    - forefinger
    - index
    - index finger
    - labour-intensive
    - literacy
    - rate
    - rating
    - Retail Price Index
    - RPI
    - unemployment
    - gazetteer
    - incidence
    - retail
    - subject
    * * *
    1. [indicador] index;
    [proporción] level, rate índice de audiencia audience ratings;
    índice bursátil stock market index;
    Quím índice de cetano cetane number; Informát índice de compresión compression ratio;
    índice del costo o Esp coste de la vida cost of living index;
    índice de desempleo unemployment rate;
    el índice de desempleo ha caído unemployment has fallen;
    Bolsa índice Dow Jones Dow-Jones index;
    índice económico economic indicator;
    índice de golpes [en golf] stroke index;
    índice de mortalidad mortality rate;
    Bolsa índice Nikkei Nikkei index;
    índice de popularidad popularity rating;
    índice de precios al consumo Br retail price index, US consumer price index;
    Fís índice de refracción refractive index
    2. [señal, indicio] sign, indicator;
    el número de llamadas es índice del interés despertado the number of calls is a sign of how much interest has been generated
    3. [lista, catálogo] catalogue;
    [de libro] index;
    índice (de contenidos) (table of) contents
    índice alfabético alphabetical index;
    índice de materias table of contents;
    índice onomástico index of proper names;
    índice temático subject index
    4. Hist
    el Índice the Index (Librorum Prohibitorum)
    5.
    (dedo) índice index finger
    6. [letra] index
    7. Mat index
    * * *
    m
    1 index;
    índice de precios al consumo consumer price index, Br tb retail price index;
    índice bursátil stock market index, Br share index;
    índice de desempleo unemployment rate
    2
    :
    dedo índice index finger
    * * *
    1) : index
    2) : index finger, forefinger
    3) indicio: indication
    * * *
    1. (en general) index [pl. indexes]
    2. (dedo) index finger

    Spanish-English dictionary > índice

  • 8 account

    n
    račun, konto; obračun
    • account balance saldo računa
    • account books poslovne/trgovačke knjige
    • account day obračunski dan
    • account settlement namira računa
    • accounts payable obveze prema dobavljačima, računi obveza
    • accounts payable financing financiranje pomoću obveza dobavljačima
    • accounts receivable potraћivanja od kupaca, računi potraћivanja
    • accounts receivable financing financiranje pomoću potraћivanja od kupaca
    • accrual account financing financiranje preko računa vremenskih razgraničenja
    • advance in current account predujam po tekućem računu
    • aging of accounts payable zastarijevanje obveza prema dobavljačima, zastarijevanje računa obveza
    • aging of accounts receivable zastarijevanje potraћivanja od kupaca, zastarijevanje računa potraћivanja
    • agricultural unit of account ( AUA) poljoprivredna obračunska jedinica
    • assets and liabilities account račun aktive i pasive
    • assignment of accounts receivable prijenos prava na potraћivanja od kupaca
    • attached account blokirani račun, račun pod sudskom kontrolom
    • bank account bankovni račun
    • blocked account blokirani račun
    • book account knjigovodstveni račun
    • capital account račun kapitalnih transakcija
    • cash book accounts račun blagajne
    • cash memorandum accounts pomoćni/prijelazni gotovinski račun
    • charge account kreditni račun
    • checkable account čekovni račun
    • checking account čekovni račun
    • cheque account čekovni račun
    • consolidated account konsolidirani račun
    • credit account kreditni račun
    • current account tekući račun
    • current account advance predujam po tekućem računu
    • current account balance saldo tekućega računa
    • current account balance on a cash basis saldo tekućega računa na gotovinskoj osnovi
    • current account balance on a transaction basis saldo tekućega računa na transakcijskoj osnovi
    • current account credit kredit po tekućem računu
    • dealing for the account trgovanje za račun
    • deposit account depozitni račun
    • drawing on the general account povlačenje s općega računa (MMF-a)
    • drawing on the General Resources Account povlačenje s računa općih sredstava (MMF-a)
    • dummy account pomoćni/fiktivni račun
    • escrow account zaloћni/uvjetni račun
    ( ESA 1995) Europski sustav integriranih ekonomskih računa 1995 (ESA 1995)
    • European unit of account europska obračunska jedinica
    • exchequer account riznični račun
    • financial account financijski račun
    • flow of funds account račun novčanih tokova
    • frozen account blokirani račun
    • general account opći račun
    • General Resources Account račun općih sredstava (MMF-a)
    • giro account ћiroračun
    • goods and services account račun robe i usluga (u bilanci plaćanja)
    • individual retirement account ( IRA) pojedinačni mirovinski račun
    Bilj.: Mirovinska shema utvrđena Zakonom o osiguranju zaposleničkoga prihoda u mirovini za osobe do 70,5 god. koji im omogućuje izdvajanje do 2000 USD godiљnje uz porezne olakљice u mirovinske svrhe
    • invisible account račun nevidljivih stavki (npr. usluga)
    • joint account zajednički račun
    • margin account račun marћe, račun s popustom (za trgovanje dionicama)
    • money market deposit account ( MMDA) depozitni račun trћiљta novca
    • money of account obračunska novčana jedinica
    • national account nacionalni račun
    • non-technical account netehnički račun
    Bilj.: Dio računa dobiti i gubitka osiguravajućih druљtava
    • note on the account biljeљka o računu, biljeљka uz financijsko izvjeљće
    • numbered account љifrirani račun
    • omnibus account omnibus račun
    • omnibus customer account omnibus račun klijenta
    • open account otvoreni račun
    • operating account poslovni račun
    • operational safe custody accounts operativni sigurni skrbnički računi
    Bilj.: Računi u srediљnjoj banci na kojima se vode vrijednosni papiri
    • overdraft checking account čekovni račun s prekoračenjem (“dopuљtenim minusom”)
    • overdraft on current account prekoračenje, dopuљteni minus na tekućem računu
    • passbook savings account љtednja putem љtedne knjiћice
    • payment received on account primljeni predujam
    • profit/ loss (P/L) account račun dobiti i gubitka
    • proprietary account vlasnički račun
    • revaluation account račun revalorizacije
    • safe custody account skrbnički račun
    • segregated account odvojeni račun
    • separate account odvojeni račun
    • share draft account račun kreditnih unija s mogućnoљću izdavanja čekova
    • share premium account račun premije na dionice
    • special drawing ( rights) account račun za posebna prava vučenja
    • subsidy account račun za subvencije
    • T-account T-račun, T-konto
    • technical account tehnički račun
    Bilj.: Jedan od dvaju dijelova računa dobiti i gubitka
    • transaction account transakcijski račun
    • currencies obračunska jedinica koja se temelji na koљarici valuta Europske zajednice

    Englesko-Hrvatski Glosar bankarstva, osiguranja i ostalih financijskih usluga > account

  • 9 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 10 физиологическое старение

    2) Economy: individual ageing

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > физиологическое старение

  • 11 culture

    axenic culture — аксенная [стерильная] культура

    callus culture — каллусная культура, культура каллуса

    cell culture — культура клеток, клеточная культура

    embryo culture — культура зародышей, эмбриокультура

    flask culture — культура, выращиваемая в колбе

    growing culture — растущая [размножающаяся] культура

    high density culture — культура с высокой густотой [плотностью] посева

    maintaining culture — культура для поддержания (роста клеток, тканей)

    monolayer culture — монослойная [однослойная] культура

    nurse culture — культура-«нянька»

    resistant culture — резистентная [устойчивая] культура

    sister cultures — сестринские [параллельные] культуры

    submerged culture — погружённая [глубинная] культура

    suspended cell culture — культура ткани из суспендированных клеток, суспендированная культура клеток

    Англо-русский терминологический перечень по культуре тканей растений > culture

  • 12 población

    f.
    1 population, people.
    2 city, town, centre of population, center of population.
    * * *
    \
    población activa working population
    población pasiva nonworking population
    * * *
    noun f.
    2) city, town, village
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=gente) population
    2) (=lugar habitado, ciudad) town; (=pueblo) village; Cono Sur (=caserío) small hamlet
    3) (=acción) settlement
    (tb: población callampa) (=suburbio) shanty town; (=barrio pobre) slum area, poor quarter
    * * *
    1) ( habitantes) population; (Zool) population, colony
    2) ( ciudad) town, city; ( aldea) town, village
    3) ( acción) settlement
    * * *
    1) ( habitantes) population; (Zool) population, colony
    2) ( ciudad) town, city; ( aldea) town, village
    3) ( acción) settlement
    * * *
    la población
    (n.) = populace, the

    Ex: This would enable the majority of the rural populace who are illiterate and semi-literate to participate in cultural and intellectual entertainment.

    población1
    1 = citizenry, population, user population.

    Ex: The subpoena process represents a legal obligation and duty of citinzenry and is becoming a fact of life in the operations of many libraries.

    Ex: The new building was expected to provide for a university population of 5,500 students of which approximately 3,500 would be science and technology students and 2,000 arts and social science students.
    Ex: Given similar demographics (age, size, and user population), to what extent do community hospital libraries differ in collection content?.
    * con gran densidad de población = densely populated.
    * con mucha población = heavily populated.
    * con poca población = thinly populated.
    * de población poco densa = sparsely populated.
    * dirigido a un sector de la población específico = sector-orientated.
    * en algunos grupos de la población = in some quarters.
    * en algunos sectores de la población = in some quarters.
    * en muchos grupos de la población = in many quarters.
    * en muchos sectores de la población = in many quarters.
    * entre la población en general = mainstream.
    * envejecimiento de la población = aging population [ageing population].
    * estadística de población = population statistics.
    * excedente de población = overspill.
    * foco de población = population centre.
    * movimiento de la población = population turnover, population transfer.
    * población activa = working population, economically active population, work-force [workforce], labour force.
    * población cada vez más envejecida = greying population [graying population].
    * población civil = civilian.
    * población civil, la = civilian population, the.
    * población en general = broad population.
    * población en general, la = general population, the.
    * población estudiantil = school population.
    * población indígena = indigenous people.
    * población, la = populace, the.
    * población nativa = native population, aboriginal people, native inhabitant.
    * población obrera = blue collar population.
    * población penitenciaria = prison population.
    * población rural = rural people, rural population.
    * población urbana = urban population.
    * profesional dedicado a prestar un servicio a la población = service professional.
    * profesión dedicada a prestar un servicio a la población = service profession.

    población2
    2 = village.

    Ex: In the above example, when specifying the individual village, Ashworthy, we must employ a verbal extension to the 'normal' UDC notation.

    * población con mercado ambulante = market town, market centre.
    * población rural = rural village.

    * * *
    A (habitantes) population; ( Zool) population, colony
    tiene una población de cuatro millones de habitantes it has a population of four million
    Compuestos:
    working population
    permanent population
    floating population
    non-working population
    B (ciudad) town, city; (aldea) town, village
    Compuesto:
    ( Chi) shantytown
    C (acción) settlement
    * * *

     

    población sustantivo femenino
    1 ( habitantes) population;
    (Zool) population, colony;
    ◊ población activa/pasiva working/non-working population

    2 ( ciudad) town, city;
    ( aldea) town, village;

    3 ( acción) settlement
    población sustantivo femenino
    1 (habitantes) population
    población activa, working population
    2 (ciudad) town
    (pueblo) village
    ' población' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    conmocionar
    - densidad
    - desierta
    - desierto
    - diecinueveava
    - diecinueveavo
    - EPA
    - flotante
    - fortificación
    - machetazo
    - predisponer
    - reflejar
    - refrendar
    - saquear
    - total
    - vecina
    - vecino
    - villa
    - amotinar
    - aniquilar
    - atemorizar
    - censo
    - concientizar
    - doblar
    - empobrecer
    - enriquecer
    - estragos
    - evacuar
    - infantil
    - isleño
    - localidad
    - mitad
    - movilizar
    - totalidad
    - urbano
    English:
    aerial
    - civilian
    - comprise
    - cross-section
    - densely
    - density
    - Hispanic
    - popular
    - population
    - poverty
    - town
    - vital statistics
    - working
    - community
    - deep
    - over
    - populace
    - public
    - shantytown
    - work
    * * *
    1. [ciudad] town, city;
    [pueblo] village
    2. [personas, animales] population
    población activa working population;
    población de derecho permanent population;
    población flotante floating o transient population;
    población de riesgo group at risk
    3. [acción de poblar] settlement
    4. Chile [barrio]
    * * *
    f
    1 gente population
    2 ( ciudad) city, town; ( pueblo) village
    3 Chi
    shanty town
    * * *
    población nf, pl - ciones
    1) : population
    2) : city, town, village
    * * *
    1. (personas) population
    2. (localidad) village / town

    Spanish-English dictionary > población

  • 13 Memory

       To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)
       [Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)
       The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)
       4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of Psychology
       If a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)
       We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)
       The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)
       7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat Discouraging
       The results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)
       A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)
       Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....
       Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)
       When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....
       However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)
       Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)
       Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)
       The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory

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